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Anthropology of Food

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Sicilian ice-cream in a bread bun. A good solution to a local problem: the Mediterranean heat quickly melts the ice-cream, which is absorbed by the bread.

"Palermo, Sicily
Italy

A Fistfull of Rice
Nepal

Claire Kathleen Roufs eating first food at 5 months.

Claire Kathleen Roufs
U.S.A.

"Eating Rat At The New Year"
Vietnam
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Desert People
Australia

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Anthroplogy of Food

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Timelines

Several fine food timelines are available on the web:

Food Timelines
Culinary History Timeline – asiarecipe.com
Food History Almanac: Over 1,300 Years of World Culinary History, Culture, and Social Influence -- Janet Clarkson. Landham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
- www.theoldfoodie.com
The Food Timeline – Lynne Olver, Morris County Library NJ
(See Scout Report description below)
Spices: Time Line -- Vigyan Prasar (VP)
Timeline of agriculture and food technology – Wikipedia
Category: Timelines – Wikipedia

Anderson, Jean. The American Century Cookbook: The Most Popular Recipes of the 20th Century. NY: Potter, 1997. ["Beyond this collection is Jean's exploration of the diversity of our nation's cuisine and our adoption of . . . 'foreign' dishes . . . and a timeline of major 20th-century food firsts."]
Trager, James. The Food Chronology: A Food Lover's Compendium of Events and Anecdotes, from Prehistory to the Present. NY: Owl, 1997.
Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne. A History of Food. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons/Blackwell 2009.

Wikipedia:

Neolithic Revolution / Green Revolution
Muslim Agricultural Revolution
British Agricultural Revolution
Scottish Agricultural Revolution
Domestication

Calendar of Nutrition and Health Events

other timelines

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search "food history" and "food timeline" and "Neolithic Revolution" on JSTOR

From The Scout Report, 9 January 2009 (Volume 15, Number 1)

The food timeline

<http://www.foodtimeline.org/index.html>

Whether visitors to the Food Timeline are foodies, or just plain curious, they will definitely find more information than can be taken in at one sitting. The Food Timeline was developed by a "reference librarian with a passion for food history," and her dedication is evident in the link near the top of the page entitled "About Culinary Research". Clicking on this link is extremely helpful for those researching food, and just plain interesting for those who are simply curious. In a nutshell, the author tells the visitor that research on food history is quite difficult and complex, and gives a bounty of hints on how to approach a particular food puzzler. She also notes that very few foods have been invented, rather they have just evolved. The timeline is smack dab in the middle of the homepage, and has links galore. It has links to individual ingredients, as well as to complete dishes and historically important cookbooks. Near the bottom of the homepage, below the timeline, is a menu of choices that includes: "Teacher Resources", "Historic Menu Collections", "Digitized Cookbooks", and "Historic Food Prices". There is so much on this website visitors might want to grab a snack and a beverage, and let the learning begin. [KMG]

	Dates	Major Events / Items
	1947	"The forst microwave ovens were developed, but did not become practical until the late 1960s and early 1970s." -- Popkin, 2010, p. 73.

	1913	First refrigerators for household use were developed by the General Electric Company. "However, without Freon gas, which was developed in the 1930s, the earlier refrigerators (pre-1930) were dangerous." -- Popkin, 2010, p. 73.



	1907	Banana split invented in Wilmington, Ohio (Banana, Koeppel 2008, p. 249)
	1906	Banana split invented in Davanport, Iowa (Banana, Koeppel 2008, p. 249)
	1904	Banana split invented in Columbus, Ohio (Banana, Koeppel 2008, p. 249)
	1904	Banana split invented in Latrobe, Pennsylvania (Banana, Koeppel 2008, p. 249)

	1873	"Agricultural depression" in Europe; U.S.A. begins to become food power -- Jean Louis Flandrin, Massimo Montanari, Albert Sonnenfeld, 1999, p. 489

	1862	Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard complete first pasteurization test

	A.D. 1859	End of the "Prescientific Period"

	1835	The dictionary of the Académie Française recognizes the word restaurant in reference to the establishment of a restauranteur -- Jean Louis Flandrin, Massimo Montanari, Albert Sonnenfeld, 1999, p. 475

	1825	Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin publishes Physiologie du goût Physiologie du goût (French) -- Project Gutenberg on-line text The Physiology of Taste (English)-- Project Gutenberg on-line text Brillat-Savarin, Jean-Anthelme. The Philosopher in the Kitchen. NY: Penguin, 1981 [1825 ]. The Physiology of Taste or Meditations on Transcendental Gastronomy. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 1999 [1825][2008].

	1810	Nicolas Appert, publishes L'Art de conserver les substances animales et végétales (or The Art of Preserving Animal and Vegetable Substancess), the first cookbook of its kind on modern food preservation methods

	1804 (1802?)	Nicolas Appert, the "father of canning," begins industrial scale food production, setting up a food-preserving factor at Massy, Essone, France -- Jean Louis Flandrin, Massimo Montanari, Albert Sonnenfeld, 1999, p. 486

	1776	". . . Cooking was removed from the 'medicine' category [in Perrot's catalog], separated from books on 'hygiene' and 'dietetics' and from treatises on wine, tea, coffee, and chocolate, and lumped together with such other aristocratic arts as horsemanship, fencing, dance, and hunting," -- Jean Louis Flandrin, Massimo Montanari, Albert Sonnenfeld, 1999, p. 431

	1764	Cooking first classified as an art, in Traité des livres rares -- Jean Louis Flandrin, Massimo Montanari, Albert Sonnenfeld, 1999, p. 431

	1742	Menon introduced the expression nouvelle cuisine in Vol. 3 of Nouveau Traité de cuisine -- Jean Louis Flandrin, Massimo Montanari, Albert Sonnenfeld, 1999, p. 398

	1674	". . . Neapolitan Francesco Capelli, known as 'Procope,' opened the first cafe in Paris on the rue de Tournon" -- Jean Louis Flandrin, Massimo Montanari, Albert Sonnenfeld, 1999, p. 472

	28 October 1533 A.D.	Catherine de' Medici marries Henry II of France "It was that year that Fate and Pope Clement VII changed the table manners of Europe. The Holy Father, probably conscious less of the gastronomic importance than of its political results, married off his [14-year-old] niece Catherine de Medici to France's young [14] Henry." "And Catherine took her cooks to France with her. They were probably the first great chefs de cuisine in that land, and galling though the fact may be to those Frenchmen who mix patriotism with their love of fine food, they were Italians every one.... Their innovations burst like a bomb over all the noble tables of Paris." – MFK Fisher, Serve It Forth (Harper & Brothers, 1937)	Catherine de' Medici, attributed to François Clouet, c. 1555

	1530	Henry VIII of England breaks with Rome End of the Middle Ages in Britain (Black, The Medieval Cookbook, 1992)

	6 September 1522	Juan Sebastián Elcano becomes the first person to circumnavitate the globe

	8 November 1519	Moctezuma meets Cortés

	23 April 1516 (1487)	Reinheitsgebot, "Bavarian Purity Law" originated


	12 October 1492	Juan Rodríguez Bermejo aboard the Pinta – looking for a westward (from Europe) alternate route to the Spice Islands – sights Guanahani, later re-named by Christopher Columbus as San Salvador, hence follows the Basques and Vikings and one or more groups of American "Indians" in "discovering" America – "Christopher Clumbus," Wikipedia
	2 January 1492	"...The last Muslim leader, Muhammad XII, known as Boabdil to the Spanish, surrendered control of Granada, to Ferdinand and Isabella, Los Reyes Católicos ('The Catholic Monarchs')...." – "Granada," Wikipedia

	1488	Portuguese navigators round The Cape of Good Hope, "a major milestone in the attempts ... to establish direct trade relations with [the Spice Islands] and the Far East" – Wikipedia

	1095-1272	Crusades in the Middle East "The Crusaders who descended on [the Middle East] During the Middle Ages brought some of their own traditions with them, and they stayed in some areas for nearly 200 years. As the crusaders returned to Europe, they brought with them the culinary influences they had experienced during their time in the Middle East. Muslim armies occupied Spain and Sicily for hundreds of years before, throughout, and after the Crusades. Following the expulsion of the Arab armies from Spain, the Spanish exported many culinary techniques and ingredients to the Americas (having been influenced themselves by the Middle Eastern peoples). Throughout these periods, the customs and cuisines of the Middle East spread across much of the world." – Jeremy MacVeigh, International Cuisine (Delmar, Cengage Learning, 2009, p. 6)	Siege of Antioch, gravure by Sébastien Mamerot, 1490

	1070s (1077 ?)	Bayeux "Tapestry" probably completed	(enlarge) Bayeux Tapestry feast (Black, The Medieval Cookbook, 1992, p. 21)

	14 October 1066	Battle of Hastings Saxon lord Harold II of England killed in battle, Duke William II of Normandy assumes English throne "[The Norman nobles] at once began importing spices, foreign herbs and other food plants, and even animals (for instance, rabbits); and they introduced upper-class Saxons to their own food tastes, along with elements of their own language." (Black, The Medieval Cookbook, 1992, p. 20)


	711-718	Moors conquer most of Iberian Peninsula	View from a room inside the Alhambra palace complex, Granada, Spain


	4 September 476	Romulus Agustus abdicates to officially end Western Roman Empire Beginning of the Middle Ages in Britain (Black, The Medieval Cookbook, 1992)

	X	End of Prehistory (writing begins) dates vary regionally

		3,300 B.C. "Ötzi" The Iceman

	c. 9,500 B.C....	The "Neolithic Revolution" begins food production in the Middle East (agriculture and village life begin...) dates for the "Neolithic" and for food production in general vary regionally

	c. 13,000 - 8,000 B.C.	Last glacial period ends

	c. 400,000 - 40,000 B.P....	"Homo sapiens neandertalensis (Homo neandertalensis) (Homo sapiens neandertalensis)
	c. 400,000 - 40,000 B.P....
	c. 300,000		fire hearths (late African H. Erectus)
	c. 400,000		control of fire

	c. 1 mya...		oldest probable use of fire

	c. 1.8 mya...	Homo erectus meat eating becomes an important part of the diet

	c. 2.4 mya...	Early Homo (Homo habilis...)
	c. 13.7 bya . . .	creation of the universe
* c. = circa = about B.C. = "before Christ," or "before common era" ybp = "years before present" mya = million years ago bya = billion years ago