Terms / Concepts

• chimps make tools and use tools (nest building, termite collecting, wadding and chewing leaves to use as sponges, "weapons")
  
  
  • Chimps also use other tools: they use leaves as sponges, with which they get up to eight times more water from a tree branch than by using their fingers alone; they use weapons (as a type of tool) to scare away the baboons. Youngsters like Fifi learn from older chimps; hence the skill is passed on by learning.
    
    
• knuckle walking
  
  
• dominance hierarchy
  
  
  • males are ranked and ranked adult males dominate society
  • One male, Mike, rose to the top of the hierarchy by intelligence rather than by strength, by rolling a noisy can. Orignally one of the lowest ranking males, Mike became #1, the "alpha male"
  • generally innovators in non-human primate societies are the young who are low on the dominance hierarchy
    
    
• aggression
  
  
  • "warfare," "gang attacks," "killing and cannibalism"
  • concentrated feeding in camp --> "violent aggression" and intragroup conflict
  • "aggression" is against conspecifics
    • conspecifics — members of the same species
      
      
• home base
  
  
  • camps
    
    
  • where hominid groups gather at evening for socializing, food sharing, and sleeping
    
    
  • (cf., discussion re "home range" in class)
    
    
    • total area used
    • The area a primate group uses for foraging, sleeping, and so on in a year
      
      
  • (cf., discussion re "territory" in class)
    
    
    • the area occupied and defended by individuals or groups of animals against “conspecifics”
      • conspecifics — members of the same species
        
        
• Although chimps seem miserable in the rain, they make little effort to seek shelter during a downpour. They do, however, occasionally perform a "rain dance."

• Chimp studies provide models for interpreting prehistoric primates, as sort of an "ethnographic analogy."
  
  
• By 1984 Jane Goodall's chimp studies had become the longest continuous study of any animal group in the world; and they continue through the present.
  
  
• Chimps are animals of great extremens (e.g., noisy - calm . . .).
  
  
• Chimps systematically hunted other chimps, killed, and ate them. Three to six adult male chimps attacked victims in "gang attacks" ("brutal attacks").
  
  
• Chimps get human diseases (e.g., polio).
  
  
• Eating:
  
  
  • chimps have largely a vegetarian diet (eating much fruit), but they also hunt and eat some meat
  • for the most part chimps only eat meat that they themselves have killed
  • chimps eat up to 7 hours per day
  • the rainy season brings fertile, winged termites, which the chimps harvest with tools (they are better at fishing for termites than some humans; baboons can get termites only on the serface.
    • This is almost certainly a skill that is learned and passed on to succeeding generations
    • In January 2001 South African and French researchers announced that "Ape-man Ate Termites" (Australopithecus robustus), producing "the world's oldest-known bone tools

• Baboons outnumber chimps at Gombe Stream 4 : 1.
  
  
• Chimps are as distinct from one another as humans. Jane Goodall gave them names.
  
  
• "Learned behavior [is] passed on for generations."
  
  
• Child Rearing:
  
  
  • Because much of maternal behavior is learned, Flo is a role model for her daughter Fifi.
  • Because females give birth only every five to six years (and they start having offspring about xxx), a newborn always stirrs interest among a chimpanzee troop
  • "The only stable social bond is mother - child."
  • Males take no part in child rearing.
  • Re Owen Lovejoy's "provisioning hypothesis," note how much energy goes into child rearing on the part of the mother chimp
  • Note that mothering skills differ among the chimp mothers portrayed in the video
    
    
• Physical contact for its own sake seems to be a primary goal of chimp grooming, and chimps give reassurance to one another by touch.
  
  
• Chimps are stronger than humans, and if they lose their fear they could be dangerous. Nowadays, the researchers try to minimize all physical contact with the Chimps.
  
  
• Life expectancy of chimps living in the wild is guessed at between forty to fifty years
  
  
• Although not apparent from the mirror scene in this video, chimpanzees come to recognize themselves in a mirror, one of few animals besides humans that do that
  
  
• Although Ollie knows her infant is not alive, she carries its body for three days

• Gombe Stream Reserve
• Tanzania (fka Tanganyika / Zanzibar)

• Jane Goodall
  
  
  • started her studies on the 14th of July,1960, without any formal training, at the age of 26
  • "Grub" born in 1967
    
    
• Louis Leakey

• National Geographic Society
• Reason for Hope : A Spiritual Journey (New York : Warner Books, 1999) -- Jane Goodall's biography

  

• Through a Window: My Thirty Years With the Chimpanzees of Gombe
• My Life With the Chimpanzees
• The Chimpanzees of Gombe
• Kenneth P. Oakley, Man the Toolmaker, Chicago, 1957.
• De Vore, Irven, ed. 1965. Primate Behavior: Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
• Goodall, Jane. 1976. "Continuities Between Chimpanzee and Human Behavior." Human Origins: Louis Leakey and the East African Evidence, edited by Glynn Ll. Isaac and Elizabeth R. McCown. Perspectives on Human Evolution, vol. 3. Menlo Park, California: W.A. Benjamin, Staples Press Book, published for the society for the Study of Human Evolution, Berkeley, California.
• Goodall, Jane. 1963. "My life Among Wild Chimpanzees." National Geographic, August, 1963: 272-308.
• Goodall, Jane, and David A. Hamburg. 1975. "Chimpanzee Behavior as a Model for the Behavior of Early Man: New Evidence on Possible Origins of Human Behavior." American Handbook of Psychiatry, edited by David A. Hamburg and H. Keith Brodie. New Psychiatric Frontiers, Vol. 6. New York: Basic Books.
• Harding, Robert S. O. 1985. Review of Among the Wild Chimpanzees. American Anthropologist, 87:4:979.
• van Lawick-Goodall, Jane. 1975. "The Behavior of the Chimpanzee." Hominisation and Verhalten, Hominisation and Behavior, edited by Gottfried Kuth and Irenaus Eibesfeldt. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
• van Lawick-Goodall, Jane. 1974. In the Shadow of Man. A Delta Book. New York: Dell.
• van Lawick-Goodall, Jane. 1967. My Friends the Wild Chimpanzee. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
• van Lawick-Goodall, Jane. 1970. "Tool-using in Primates and other Vertebrates." Advances in the Study of Behavior, vol. 3, edited by David S. Lehrman, Robert A. Hinde, and Evelyn Shaw. New York: Academic Press.